Leukodystrophy is a rare genetic disorder affecting the brain, spinal cord, and nerves due to defects in myelin, the protective covering of nerves. It is progressive and caused by gene mutations. Symptoms include decline in functioning, affecting body tone, movements, speech, vision, and behavior. Leukodystrophies damage the white matter of the central nervous system, slowing down nerve signals and leading to various symptoms. The disorders are classified based on the timing of damage, either before or after birth. They result from genetic mutations affecting the growth of glial cells producing myelin. Symptoms vary depending on the type of leukodystrophy and may include muscle tone issues, balance problems, speech difficulties, and developmental delays. Leukodystrophies are characterized by the dysfunction of the white matter in the brain and are caused by mutations disrupting myelin sheath development. Over 50 types of leukodystrophies have been identified, such as Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and metachromatic leukodystrophy.